撰寫文獻探討 (Literature Review)的事前準備工夫

22 January 2020

為什麼您需要撰寫文獻探討 (literature review)?

文獻探討或文獻回顧 (literature review) 的目的是列舉出與您的研究題目相關的最新知識,當中包括一些在該研究領域中的重要發現、發展及新觀點。文獻探討中一般只需引用已發表的研究,而不用提及自己的將要發表的全新研究資料。

撰寫文獻探討既可以展現出您對您的研究題目的深入認知,亦可以告知論文讀者您清楚知道您的研究可如何融會到該研究領域中的現有知識體系中。

在開始下筆寫文獻探討前,您需要留意以下的準備工夫:

Quick Takeaways:

  • et al.' means 'and others'.
  • Use 'et al.' to cite works with three or more authors.
  • The presentation (et al., et al., or rarely et al) depends on the style guide or journal guidelines

The English language has a rich history of borrowing words from other languages, especially from Latin. Latin abbreviations such as ‘a.m.’, ‘p.m.’ and ‘CV’ have become part of our everyday vocabulary. Such abbreviations are also frequently used in academic writing, from the ‘Ph.D.’ in the affiliation section to the ‘i.e.’, ‘e.g.’, ‘et al.’, and ‘QED’ in the rest of the paper.

This guide explains when and how to correctly use ‘et al.’ in a research paper.

1. 相關文獻檢索

您需要因應您的研究題目決定文獻探討的焦點以及確立文獻探討的範圍

以下是我們經驗豐富的學術編輯提供的實用小貼士:

在開始檢索文獻前,先問一下自己您的文獻探討範圍需要多廣泛還是多專注。

要留意有些學術期刊或會對文獻探討有字數限制。而一些學科中的慣例是只要求概述最新及最相關的文獻,另一些則要求要有一個對該研究範疇的完整文獻概述。

當您檢索文獻時,謹記選擇關鍵詞 (keywords) 的重要性,關鍵詞要能夠讓您避免錯過重要及相關的文獻及有效隔離出相關性低的論文文章。

慎選關鍵詞 (keywords)後,記得要在不同的數據庫進行搜尋,特別是那些與您的研究學科有關的。但亦不要忽略一些比較籠統的數據庫,例如 Google Scholar, EBSCO 及JSTOR,它們都是不錯的文獻檢索起步點。

記得留意您已找到的合適論文上的文獻參考表 (reference lists),它可助您發現更多其他的相關論文。

当发现某些作者的名字多次重複出现在您找到的文献中时,这意味著他们可能是您要研究的领域内的领导学者,不妨用这些名字作个别检索。

2. 如何評估及選用找到的文獻

很多時,不是每一篇您找到的文章都與您的研究有密切關聯,所以您需要一個有效的流程去評估您找到的文獻中哪一些對您的文獻探討有幫助。

看看下面一些由我們經驗豐富的學術編輯所提供的建議:

先通過閱讀一些關鍵文獻 (key papers) 以獲得一個比較全面的概觀。關鍵文獻指的是那些多次被引用、介紹主要理論或評論該學科領域現有發展的文獻。

在文獻探討中引用一些「經典」文章是不錯的選擇,而且您不需要提及太多那些「經典」的詳細背景資料,因為您的大部分讀者應該都對它們耳熟能詳。

當您閱讀找到的文獻時,要用以下準則評估該文獻中所述的研究: 它與您自己的研究的相關性 (relevance)、它的長短處 (strengths and weaknesses)、理論研究法 (theoretical approach)、研究方法 (methodology),以及該研究是支持還是反駁學科中的其他研究和它對整個學科的貢獻 (contribution)。

做筆記幫助組織您的文獻評估。您的筆記應能夠助您辨識出不同文章的主要概念 (key concepts)、主題 (themes) 和見解 (ideas),以及記錄不同文獻的相似點 (similarities)、差異 (differences)、模式 (patterns) 和關係 (relationships)。您亦要留意理論的發展、研究方法的新趨勢等。

閱讀文獻時多留意研究缺口 (research gaps),最好可以記下一些有補充研究可能性的題目。

最後,謹記在您所做的筆記上清楚寫下引文出處 (references),那怕您已經將其改述 (paraphrasing) 了。因為如果您忘記為找到的資料配上引文出處,那之後在其被引用在您的文章上時,您恐怕要花更多時間重新找回引文出處,更甚是您的文章會有涉嫌抄襲 (plagiarism) 的風險。

以上都是下筆前的重要準備工夫,它們可助您更好的組織文獻探討的內容及結構。

QUICK ASIDE

Wondering why some abbreviations such as ‘et al.’ and ‘e.g.’ use periods, whereas others such as CV and AD don’t? Periods are typically used if the abbreviations include lowercase or mixed-case letters. They’re usually not used with abbreviations containing only uppercase letters.

Unusual Scenarios

Our latest online workshop built on the success of face-to-face workshops we developed specifically for local universities. Over 30 faculty members joined the session, presented by our Chief Operating Officer, Mr Nick Case, to learn from our case studies on editing research proposals.

The response to our workshop, which included a constructive and insightful Q&A session, was very positive.Drawing on our extensive experience working with hundreds of Hong Kong researchers targeting the GRF and ECS every year, we used examples of poor and subsequently improved proposals to show the attendees how they can make their applications stand out. The response to our workshop, which included a constructive and insightful Q&A session, was very positive.Drawing on our extensive experience working with hundreds of Hong Kong researchers targeting the GRF and ECS every year, we used examples of poor and subsequently improved proposals to show the attendees how they can make their applications stand out. The response to our workshop, which included a constructive and insightful Q&A session, was very positive.Drawing on our extensive experience working with hundreds of Hong Kong researchers targeting the GRF and ECS every year, we used examples of poor and subsequently improved proposals to show the attendees how they can make their applications stand out.

QUICK ASIDE

Wondering why some abbreviations such as ‘et al.’ and ‘e.g.’ use periods, whereas others such as CV and AD don’t? Periods are typically used if the abbreviations include lowercase or mixed-case letters. They’re usually not used with abbreviations containing only uppercase letters.

Author Resources

Check out AsiaEdit’s professional research grant proposal editing service.
Read more about our training services covering all aspects of academic writing tailored for local institutions.

More resources on research grant proposal writing: On-demand Webinars
Preparing an effective research proposal – Your guide to successful funding application
Preparing an effective research proposal – Your guide to successful funding application (Part 2)

About the Author

Dr Rachel Baron

聯合總編及執行編輯 (社會科學)

Rachel於2001年剛在 University of Exeter 取得博士學位的同時以自由編輯的身份首次加入我們。在擔任博士後研究人員數年之後,她專注於大學教授心理學,並於2010年回到AsiaEdit,並專注於學術編輯專業。她於2018年升任助理總編輯,並於2020年繼而成為我們的聯合主編。由於無法完全離開學術界,她還在意大利的一所英語大學教授心理學。

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